{"id":36453,"date":"2024-05-02T01:55:30","date_gmt":"2024-05-02T06:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/politicosaldesnudo.com.mx\/?p=36453"},"modified":"2024-05-02T01:55:30","modified_gmt":"2024-05-02T06:55:30","slug":"nuevo-leon-en-el-trayecto-constitucional-de-mexico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/politicosaldesnudo.com.mx\/index.php\/2024\/05\/02\/nuevo-leon-en-el-trayecto-constitucional-de-mexico\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuevo Le\u00f3n en el trayecto constitucional de M\u00e9xico"},"content":{"rendered":"

El gobierno de Nuevo Le\u00f3n festeja, no sin altos decibeles electorales, el bicentenario del Decreto 45 emitido por el Congreso General Constituyente que deliberaba sobre el proyecto de la primera Constituci\u00f3n que tendr\u00eda el M\u00e9xico independiente. Ese decreto declaraba a Nuevo Le\u00f3n un estado de la Federaci\u00f3n Mexicana. Sobre el tema cabe intentar un apunte.<\/span><\/p>\n

El antiguo Nuevo Reino de Le\u00f3n era un desmesurado cuadr\u00e1ngulo que med\u00eda originalmente 800 por 800 kil\u00f3metros por lado. Con las reformas borb\u00f3nicas vio reducida su superficie en favor de otras entidades y pas\u00f3 a ser una de las cuatro Provincias Internas de Oriente. Al ceder parte de su superficie al Nuevo Santander (hoy Tamaulipas), su poblaci\u00f3n qued\u00f3 reducida a 265 habitantes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con alguna frecuencia, en Nuevo Le\u00f3n se omite, deliberadamente, el t\u00e9rmino \u201crepublicano\u201d en relaci\u00f3n con ciertos municipios. Pero su historia, la del estado y la del pa\u00eds no se entienden sin el doble proceso por el cual M\u00e9xico y su divisi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica se erigieron en una naci\u00f3n republicana y federal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Por m\u00e1s que su influencia haya sido mayor o menor, la llamada Constituci\u00f3n de Bayona (1808), de factura napole\u00f3nica con holanes tomados de la revoluci\u00f3n francesa y la Constituci\u00f3n de C\u00e1diz que, s\u00ed, buena parte de ella se vuelca en el molde de la de 1824, ambas son producto del mundo europeo.<\/span><\/p>\n

El constitucionalismo mexicano arranca con el Plan del Gobierno Americano de Hidalgo. Uno de sus principales ejes era crear un congreso (plat\u00f3nico) para gobernar el reino con \u201cindividuos doctos e instruidos, y todos criollos, que sostengan los derechos del se\u00f1or don Fernando VII\u201d. El cura insurgente lo da como mandato a Ignacio L\u00f3pez Ray\u00f3n y a Morelos. El primero convoca a la Junta de Zit\u00e1cuaro cuyos trabajos pretenden crear el gobierno imaginado por Hidalgo. En sus\u00a0Elementos constitucionales<\/em>, L\u00f3pez Ray\u00f3n intenta darle una mayor dimensi\u00f3n y profundidad. Con alg\u00fan matiz, el intelectual y periodista religioso Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Cos abona, en su\u00a0Manifiesto<\/em>, la idea de la autonom\u00eda de M\u00e9xico y su igualdad pol\u00edtica con Espa\u00f1a.<\/span><\/p>\n

La Constituci\u00f3n de Apatzing\u00e1n (1814), inspirada y guardada por Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos y Pav\u00f3n es la primera de cu\u00f1o mexicano y la que plantea, con absoluta claridad, la independencia de M\u00e9xico.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tras el Plan de Iguala y los Tratados de C\u00f3rdoba, la inercia mon\u00e1rquica, que se halla presente desde la gestaci\u00f3n del movimiento de independencia, no cesa al consumarse la lucha por conseguirla. De aqu\u00ed que, en la nueva circunstancia soberana, el primer gobierno independiente sea un imperio \u2013el de Iturbide\u2013. Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna y Guadalupe Victoria lanzan el Plan de Casa Mata, en el cual se exige que la naci\u00f3n opte por el gobierno que mejor le acomode. A la ca\u00edda de Iturbide, una junta provisional convoca a la integraci\u00f3n de un nuevo constituyente, que es el que dar\u00e1 lugar a la creaci\u00f3n de estados federados y a la Constituci\u00f3n de 1824.<\/span><\/p>\n

Republicanismo y federalismo van de la mano. La tendencia a la rep\u00fablica se explica por lo funesto que hab\u00edan sido para Europa y sus colonias las monarqu\u00edas imperiales, sobre todo las avasalladoras y desp\u00f3ticas de Napole\u00f3n y Fernando VII.<\/span><\/p>\n

La orientaci\u00f3n federativa est\u00e1 condicionada por el grado de autonom\u00eda que han ido ganando las provincias ante la crisis espa\u00f1ola y sus repercusiones en sus colonias: ausencia del rey cautivo en Francia por Napole\u00f3n; guerra de liberaci\u00f3n del pueblo espa\u00f1ol contra las tropas invasoras del corso y la usurpaci\u00f3n del trono por su hermano Jos\u00e9; movimiento de independencia contra el r\u00e9gimen colonial; vigencia parcial e intermitente de la Constituci\u00f3n de C\u00e1diz; restauraci\u00f3n de esta Constituci\u00f3n y resistencia a su aplicaci\u00f3n en suelo novohispano. A todo ello se suman procesos internos que da\u00f1an la econom\u00eda y la estabilidad pol\u00edtica de cada una de las regiones del virreinato. No s\u00f3lo, sino la influencia de Estados Unidos, pa\u00eds cuya prosperidad se atribuye a su car\u00e1cter republicano y federal, y las tendencias separatistas (el ejemplo de Guatemala y lo que ser\u00e1 Centroam\u00e9rica), que amenazan con una grave implosi\u00f3n del pa\u00eds en v\u00edas de consolidar su independencia y su forma de gobierno.<\/span><\/p>\n

El Acta Constitutiva de la Naci\u00f3n Mexicana (noviembre de 1823) establece que la soberan\u00eda reside esencialmente en la naci\u00f3n y que su gobierno ser\u00e1 el de una rep\u00fablica representativa popular federal. M\u00e1s tarde, el Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n Mexicana extiende y detalla lo que ser\u00e1 el guion de la Constituci\u00f3n de 1824.<\/span><\/p>\n

En el curso de sus trabajos, el constituyente de 1823-24 decreta, acorde a lo establecido desde el Acta Constitutiva de la Naci\u00f3n Mexicana, que sus partes integrantes \u201cson estados libres, soberanos e independientes, en lo que exclusivamente toque a su administraci\u00f3n y gobierno interior\u2026\u201d El decreto 45 que manda crear el de Nuevo Le\u00f3n determina que se fundar\u00e1 en los mismos principios establecidos para el r\u00e9gimen federal. Ser\u00e1 aut\u00f3noma (no libre y soberana, como luego lo asumir\u00e1n en su constituci\u00f3n \u00e9ste y los dem\u00e1s estados). Lo conformar\u00e1n los tres poderes ya tradicionales. Su soberan\u00eda estar\u00eda limitada por la Constituci\u00f3n federal. Estar\u00e1 representado en el Congreso de la Uni\u00f3n, tendr\u00e1 derecho a participar en las elecciones federales y a instituir sus propias autoridades mediante procesos electorales, as\u00ed como a proveer a sus habitantes de los servicios de educaci\u00f3n y salud, entre otros.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El gobierno de Nuevo Le\u00f3n festeja, no sin altos decibeles electorales, el bicentenario del Decreto 45 emitido por el Congreso 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